Introduction Beta-lactams are a broad class of antibiotics that include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Their versatility, substantial efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness make beta-lactams the most frequently prescribed antibiotic class, and as a result, the class for which hypersensitivity reactions ... Read More

Introduction Fibrosis is the overgrowth, stiffening, and/or scarring of tissues that leads to an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive lung disease of multiple triggers, in which progression of declining lung function ... Read More

Introduction Superficial fungal infections (SFIs) are very common skin infections that affect individuals. SFIs impose a significant burden, with a prevalence of approximately 20-25% among dermatology patients [1]. SFIs can be caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, ... Read More

Introduction Hypertension, affecting over 30% of the adult population worldwide, constitutes a major factor contributing to other deadly diseases such as chronic kidney disease, stroke, and heart failure leading to death. Regrettably, only about 1 in 5 adults with hypertension ... Read More

Introduction Water, which is utilized as a significant component for a multitude of purposes in the pharmaceutical industry, plays a crucial role in the processing, formulating, and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, active ingredients, intermediates, and analytical reagents. In addition, water ... Read More

Introduction The quality, safety, and effectiveness of compounded preparations rely on the correct selection of ingredients. QA is a system that guarantees consistent adherence to quality standards within the compounding process.1,2 The USP monograph outlines the expectations for a medicine's ... Read More

Introduction The extended-release (ER) dosage forms are a notable addition to the pharmacy field for drugs with a very short half-life compared to conventional solid dosage forms. Terms such as “prolonged release,” “delayed release,” “long-acting,” and “sustained release” have been ... Read More

Introduction Lidocaine is frequently used as a local anesthetic drug. It is a weak base with a pKa of 7.9 and falls under the BCS class II drug (high permeability and low solubility) category.1 The molecular weight is 234.34 g/mol. ... Read More

Introduction Over the last two decades, compounding errors have led to severe consequences and fatalities in the United States.1 These incidents are attributed to human error,  lack of knowledge,  poor skills,  and retention in following proper procedures of the pharmaceutical ... Read More

Introduction Pharmaceutical compounding, as defined by the U.S. FDA, is generally “a practice in which a licensed pharmacist, a licensed physician, or, in the case of an outsourcing facility, a person under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist, combines, mixes, ... Read More